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Practical pieces on reliability, maintenance, asset data, engineering and operational technology

Showing 95 of 95 articles
Line drawing of a stepped four ply conveyor belt splice in plan and section, with the bias, the three steps, staggered butt joints and the reference marks for measuring splice length
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 7 min read

Conveyor belt splicing: hot and cold vulcanised and mechanical splices, how a stepped splice is made, splice faults, and the register that finds them early

Conveyor belt splicing from the maintenance side: hot vulcanised splices for fabric and steel cord belts, cold vulcanised splices and mechanical fasteners compared, how a stepped fabric splice is set out, cut, laid up and cured, the faults that show a splice going bad, and a splice register with length measured at each inspection. With a plan and section drawing of a stepped splice.

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Line drawing of a single cartridge mechanical seal in half section with the rotating and stationary faces, springs, O-rings, sleeve, gland plate, Plan 11 flush and leakage path
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Mechanical seals: how they work, cartridge and dual seals, flush and barrier plans, how seals fail, and fitting them so they last

Mechanical seals from the maintenance side: the faces, springs and O-rings and how a seal runs on a liquid film, component and cartridge seals, single and dual arrangements, the common API 682 flush, buffer and barrier plans, how seals fail and what the faces show, and the pump condition and fitting checks that decide seal life. With a half section drawing of a cartridge seal.

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Line drawing of a hood and spoon transfer chute with numbered liners shaded by impact and sliding wear, thickness points, a liner schedule and a thickness trend projected to the change limit
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 7 min read

Chute liners: how transfer chutes wear, liner materials and where each belongs, laying out liners, and planning changes from measured wear

Chute liners from the maintenance side: impact and sliding wear and where each happens in a transfer chute, abrasion resistant plate, chromium carbide overlay, ceramic, rubber, polyurethane and low friction liners compared, laying liners so the flow steps over every joint, the failures that cost most, and a measured wear program that plans liner changes into shutdowns. With a hood and spoon liner layout and wear trend.

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Line drawing of an instrument loop diagram for a two wire flow transmitter wired through a junction box and marshalling cabinet to an analog input channel, with terminals, cables, shield earth and loop data
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 7 min read

Loop diagrams: what an instrument loop diagram shows, how to read one, loop types, scaling 4 to 20 mA, and keeping loop drawings current

Loop diagrams explained: what an instrument loop diagram shows from the field device through junction box and marshalling to the control system channel, how to read one, two wire, four wire, analog and discrete loops, scaling a 4 to 20 mA signal and the NAMUR NE 43 fault levels, and how loop diagrams are used from design and loop checks to fault finding and modifications. With an illustrative loop drawing.

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Line drawing of a centrifugal pump curve at full and reduced speed crossing a system curve, with the operating points, best efficiency point and efficiency curve
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Centrifugal pumps and pump curves: the operating point, best efficiency point, affinity laws, cavitation and NPSH, and running in the wrong place

Centrifugal pumps from the operating and maintenance side: reading a pump curve and a system curve and finding the operating point, the best efficiency point, the affinity laws and what speed control saves, cavitation and NPSH, the failures that come from running far from the best efficiency point, and the maintenance tasks. With a drawing of pump and system curves at two speeds.

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Line drawing of a high rate thickener in section with feedwell, settling and compression zones, rake arms, drive, launders and underflow, and the instruments marked
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Thickeners: how they work, the types and parts, rake torque and the variables to watch, common problems, and maintaining a thickener

Thickeners from the operating and maintenance side: how feedwell, flocculant, settling zones and the rake work together, conventional, high rate, high density and paste thickeners, the parts and what to watch on each, rake torque, bed level, underflow density and overflow clarity, problems from bogged rakes to ratholing, and the maintenance program. With a section drawing of a high rate thickener.

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Line drawing of an inclined double deck vibrating screen with feed box, panels, exciter, springs, circular motion and the oversize and undersize streams
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Vibrating screens and screen panels: screen types, the parts, panel materials, blinding and cracking, and the maintenance that keeps sizing right

Vibrating screens and screen panels from the maintenance side: inclined, horizontal, multi-slope, grizzly and dewatering screens, decks, side plates, cross members, exciters and springs, polyurethane, rubber and woven wire panels, problems from blinding and worn apertures to fatigue cracking and wrong motion, and the inspection and motion checks that keep a screen sizing and in one piece. With a side elevation drawing.

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Line drawing of a hydrocyclone in section with its inlet, vortex finder, cone and spigot, the inner and outer spirals, a partition curve with the cut size, and spray and roping discharges
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Hydrocyclones: how a cyclone classifies, what moves the cut size, spray and roping, and maintaining a cyclone cluster

Hydrocyclones from the operating and maintenance side: the inlet, cylinder, vortex finder, cone, spigot and liners, how the spinning flow separates coarse from fine and what the cut size d50 means, the effect of pressure, density, vortex finder and spigot on the cut, spray and roping discharges, and the spigot, liner, gauge and sampling work that keeps a cluster performing. With a section drawing and partition curve.

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Line drawing of a slurry pump in section with the casing liner, impeller, throatbush and frame plate liner marked as wear parts, the gland seal with flush water, and the adjustable bearing assembly
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Slurry pumps: how they are built, what drives wear, liner materials, gland and mechanical seals, and planning wet end changes

Slurry pumps from the maintenance side: the casing, liners, impeller, throatbush, seal and adjustable bearing assembly, what drives wear from speed and particles to the duty point and cavitation, hard metal and rubber liners, gland, expeller and mechanical seals, the routine tasks, and planning wet end changes with recorded wear life and exchange units. With a section drawing marking the wear parts.

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Line drawing of a bucket wheel stacker reclaimer on rails beside a chevron stockpile, with slew, luff and travel motions, the slew bearing and fatigue critical joints marked
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Stacker reclaimers: the machine types, stacking methods and blending, the systems on each machine and how they fail, and structural integrity

Stacker reclaimers and stockyard machines: stackers, bucket wheel reclaimers, combined machines and scraper reclaimers, cone shell, chevron, windrow and strata stacking and how they blend, the long travel, slew, luff, bucket wheel, conveyor, power and structural systems and how each fails, structural fatigue inspection under AS 4324.1, and trending the slew bearing. With a drawing of a machine and a chevron stockpile.

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Line drawing of a bolted joint in section with preload and compression cone, the split of tightening torque into friction and stretch, and a cross pattern for tightening eight bolts
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Bolt torque and bolted joints: preload, where the torque goes, an indicative torque table, tightening methods, and why joints come loose

Bolt torque and bolted joints on plant and machinery: how preload clamps a joint, where tightening torque goes, an indicative torque table for property class 8.8 and 10.9 bolts calculated from T = K × F × d, torque, part-turn, tension indicator, hydraulic tensioning and ultrasonic methods, how joints fail from self-loosening to fatigue, and the practices that keep them tight. With a drawing of preload, the torque split and a tightening pattern.

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Line drawing of a two-stage helical gearbox with its oil level, breather, seals and inspection cover, beside an oil analysis trend of iron against alert and action limits
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Industrial gearbox maintenance: lubrication, routine checks, oil analysis, gear and bearing failure modes, and mounting and alignment

Industrial gearbox maintenance on plant: gearbox types, lubrication from oil grade and type to cleanliness and breathers, routine checks on rounds and at planned stops, oil analysis and what wear metals and particle counts show, gear failure modes from wear and micropitting to scuffing and tooth breakage, and mounting, torque arms and alignment. With a drawing of a gearbox's check points and an oil analysis trend.

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Line drawing of a motor out of line with a pump, the offset and angle at the coupling, and the shim change at the front and back feet
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Shaft alignment: offset and angle, tolerances by speed, soft foot, laser and dial methods, and the correction at the feet

Shaft alignment for coupled rotating machines: offset and angular misalignment, a commonly published tolerance table by speed and the ANSI/ASA S2.75 approach, laser and dial indicator methods, the kinds of soft foot and why they come first, working out the shim change at each foot, thermal growth, and recording as-found values so repeat misalignment is caught. With a drawing of the correction at the feet.

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Line drawing of an apron feeder under a dump hopper in side elevation, with bed depth, skirt width, pan speed and the capacity calculation
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Apron feeders: how they work, the capacity calculation, design points at the hopper and discharge, and the wear and maintenance of each part

Apron feeders for mining and bulk handling: the pans, chain, rollers, sprockets, drive and skirts and what each does, the capacity calculation from bed width, depth, speed and density with a worked example, the design points at the hopper outlet and discharge, drive power from bed shear, and the wear and maintenance of each part, including trending chain pitch. With a side elevation drawing.

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Line drawing of a conveyor belt path with its pulleys, the wrap on a drive pulley with tight and slack side tensions, and a section through a pulley
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Conveyor pulleys and lagging: the pulley positions, how a drive pulley grips the belt, choosing lagging, how pulleys fail and what to inspect

Conveyor pulleys and pulley lagging: drive, head, tail, snub, bend and take-up pulleys and what each sees, how a drive pulley grips the belt through friction and wrap angle, plain, grooved, ceramic and polyurethane lagging and where each suits, how pulleys fail from shell weld fatigue to locking assembly slip, and what to inspect and record. With a drawing of the belt path, drive wrap and a pulley section.

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Line drawing of SAP PM master data from functional locations to maintenance plans, and the work order cycle from notification to settlement with statuses
Asset management and dataNovember 2026 · 9 min read

SAP PM explained: functional locations and equipment, task lists and maintenance plans, the work order cycle and statuses, and the master data that makes it work

SAP PM, SAP Plant Maintenance, from the maintenance side: the master data objects from functional locations and equipment to task lists, maintenance plans, measuring points and catalogs, the work order cycle from notification to settlement with its system statuses and classic transaction codes, notification types and codes, plans and scheduling, and the master data problems that spoil the history. With a drawing of the master data and work cycle.

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Line drawing of a ten hour maintenance shift split into direct work, travel, waiting and breaks, before and after planning and kitting
Planning and work managementNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Wrench time: what counts, measuring it with a work sampling study, where the shift goes, and how planning and kitting raise it

Wrench time, or tool time, explained: what counts as direct work and what does not, how to measure it with a work sampling study and how many observations are needed, where a maintenance shift goes, the losses that eat it and what removes each, and how to use the result without turning it into a target. With a drawing of a shift before and after planning and kitting.

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Line drawing of total and ready maintenance backlog in crew-weeks over half a year, with the common range, a backlog review and a contract crew period marked
Planning and work managementNovember 2026 · 8 min read

Maintenance backlog: counting it in crew-weeks by trade, ready and total backlog, reading the trend, and keeping it honest with a review

Maintenance backlog as a measure decisions can be made on: calculating it in crew-weeks by trade, total and ready backlog, the statuses that show where work is held up, the commonly cited healthy range, what the trend says, the weekly backlog review, and why a growing backlog is usually a reliability symptom. With a drawing of a backlog trend over half a year.

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Line drawing of a tender timeline from issue to award, with the documents issued to tenderers and the documents they return
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Tender documents and the tender process: what goes in a request for tender, what tenderers return, evaluation criteria, and what causes trouble later

The documents in a request for tender for engineering and maintenance work, from the conditions of tender and contract to the scope, specification, price schedule and returnable schedules, what tenderers send back, the stages of the tender process, setting and applying weighted evaluation criteria, RFT, RFQ, RFP and EOI compared, and the gaps that cause disputes after award. With a drawing of the tender timeline and documents.

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Line drawing of a data sheet and steps table filling a Word master with fields, a condition and a repeating table, producing checked procedures
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Document and report automation for engineering and maintenance: the documents that suit it, how templates work, the checks that make it safe, and where people stay in charge

Document and report automation for engineering and maintenance: generating procedures, job packs, test records, data sheets, recurring reports and proposal content from data and a Word template, the parts of a template, getting the data into shape, the approaches and tools, the checks before and after each run, converting existing documents, and keeping people in charge of drafted content. With a drawing of data, template and generated documents.

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Line drawing of measured liner thickness falling over the weeks against alert, action and minimum limits, with the trend projected and a liner change planned into a shutdown
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Condition based maintenance: the triggers, the limits every condition task needs, planning from the trend, and turning a crossed limit into planned work

Condition based maintenance as a maintenance strategy: when it pays, the kinds of trigger from measured limits to inspection findings, the alert, action and minimum limits every condition task needs, planning the work from the trend, converting time based tasks, and making a crossed limit become a planned work order in the CMMS. With a drawing of limits and a trend projection.

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Line drawing of the spectrum from functional to prescriptive specifications, and one requirement written with its conditions, verification method, acceptance criterion and source
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Writing a technical specification: how open to make it, its sections, the parts of a good requirement, and the maintenance requirements usually missed

How to write a technical specification for plant and equipment: functional, performance and prescriptive specifications and where design risk sits, the sections of a specification, the parts of a good requirement with its verification and acceptance criterion, the words that make requirements untestable, and the maintenance and handover requirements most often missed. With a drawing of one requirement written in full.

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Line drawing of one conveyor drive's maintenance history on a timeline, each entry with what was found and its codes, and the uses of the history below
Planning and work managementNovember 2026 · 8 min read

The equipment maintenance log: what an entry should hold, codes that can be counted, what the history is used for, and a free template

What an equipment maintenance log should record, why the condition as found matters more than the work done, failure mechanism, cause and action codes simplified from ISO 14224, what the history is used for, and keeping it in a CMMS or a spreadsheet. With a drawing of one asset's history and a free Excel maintenance log template.

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Line drawing of the six main bearing failure modes of ISO 15243, each with its sub-modes and what the damage looks like
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Bearing failure analysis: why bearings fail early, the six ISO 15243 failure modes, the common causes and their signs, and examining a failed bearing

Rolling bearing failure analysis: why most bearings fail long before their rated life, the six failure modes of ISO 15243 and what each looks like, the common causes from lubrication and contamination to installation and electrical current with their signs and prevention, and the steps for examining a failed bearing so the cause is corrected. With a drawing of the failure modes.

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Line drawing of where a work instruction sits between a procedure and a form, and one step opened out into its action, key point, reason, value, check and a marked up picture
Planning and work managementNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Work instructions for maintenance: how they differ from procedures and job plans, the parts of a good step, and keeping them current

What a work instruction is and how it differs from a procedure, a job plan and a form, the parts of a good step from the action and key point to the value and its source, how to write one that gets used, the formats, and the triggers that keep instructions current. With a drawing of one step opened out.

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Line drawing of publishers and subscribers each connected once to an MQTT broker holding a topic tree named after the ISA-95 equipment hierarchy
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Unified namespace explained: one structure every plant system publishes to, how the topic tree follows ISA-95, and when a UNS is worth building

What a unified namespace is, how its topic tree follows the ISA-95 equipment hierarchy, the broker, gateways, payloads, publishers and consumers that make one up, how it compares with point to point integration, MQTT and Sparkplug, where it fits and where it does not, and what to settle before building one. With a drawing of a topic tree.

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Line drawing of the ISA-95 functional levels with their time frames, the four exchanges between levels 4 and 3, and the equipment hierarchy from enterprise to work unit
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 9 min read

ISA-95 explained: the levels, the equipment hierarchy, what passes between business and operations, and how it relates to the Purdue model

ISA-95 and IEC 62264 explained: the five functional levels and their time frames, the role based equipment hierarchy from enterprise to work unit, the four kinds of information exchanged between business and operations, manufacturing operations management, the parts of the standard, and ISA-95 against the Purdue model in OT security. With a drawing of the levels and hierarchy.

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Schematic line drawing of a cone crusher cross-section with the closed and open side settings, new and worn liner profiles and the choke level
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Crusher maintenance and liners: wear parts by crusher type, the closed side setting, routine checks, and planning liner changes from measured wear

How to maintain jaw, gyratory, cone and impact crushers: the wear parts of each, why the closed side setting drifts as liners wear and how to hold it, the routine checks by interval, planning liner changes from tonnes and measured wear, what fails and the response, and working safely inside a crusher. With a cone crusher cross-section.

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Line drawing of a day shift and night shift with coded log entries, the handover sections at 18:00 and where each kind of entry goes after the log
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Shift logs and shift handover: what to record, the structured handover, and getting the log to feed the systems that act on it

What a shift log should record and what it should not, the sections of a structured shift handover, paper, spreadsheet and electronic logs compared, where each kind of entry should end up beyond the log, and what an electronic shift log needs to do to be worth having. With a drawing of a day of entries and handovers.

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Plan view line drawing of a conveyor belt showing a skewed idler steering the belt toward the end it meets first, and a belt brought back to centre by adjusting idlers upstream
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Conveyor belt tracking and maintenance: the tracking rule, finding the cause of mistracking, training a belt, and the inspections that keep conveyors running

Why a conveyor belt runs to one side and how to fix it: the rule that a belt moves toward the end of the idler it meets first, the causes of mistracking and how to tell them apart, how to train a belt, training idlers and other devices, and the inspections of idlers, pulleys, belt, splices, cleaners and take-up that keep conveyors running. With a drawing of the tracking rule.

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Line drawing of the ISA-95 levels with the ERP above, the MES and its production, quality, maintenance and inventory areas in the middle, and the control systems below
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 10 min read

MES explained: what a manufacturing execution system does, where it sits between the ERP and the control systems, and what it is called in mining and process plants

What a manufacturing execution system does, the MESA functions and the four IEC 62264-3 operations areas, MES beside the ERP, historian, CMMS and control systems, the production management, reporting and metallurgical accounting systems that fill the role in mining and process plants, one agreed set of shift numbers, and the questions to settle before buying or building. With a drawing of MES in the ISA-95 levels.

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Line drawing of stock on hand for one spare part over twenty weeks against its maximum, reorder point and safety stock, with orders and lead times marked
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Spare parts and MRO inventory management: classes of stock, min and max levels, the catalogue, kitting, and slow moving stock

How a maintenance store should manage spare parts: the classes of stock and the rule for each, setting min and max levels from lead time, usage and safety stock, the catalogue every other process depends on, kitting for planned work, the measures of a store, and the review of slow moving and obsolete stock. With a drawing of a stocked item's levels over time.

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Line drawing of an equipment tag split into area, equipment type, sequence and component, with the function, product and location aspects of IEC 81346
Asset management and dataNovember 2026 · 9 min read

Asset tagging and equipment numbering: what a tag identifies, site conventions and IEC 81346, and how to retag an operating plant

What an asset tag identifies on an industrial plant, how a site convention of area, type and sequence is built, the three aspects of an IEC 81346 reference designation, the tag schemes in common use, the rules that keep a convention clean, plates and labels in the field, and how to retag a plant that is already running. With a drawing of a tag and its parts.

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Line drawing of estimate accuracy ranges narrowing from scoping through prefeasibility, feasibility and FEED, detailed design and execution, with gates between the phases
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Engineering study phases: scoping, prefeasibility, feasibility and FEED, the gates between them, and the design reviews that catch problems early

The engineering study phases from scoping to detailed design, the AACE estimate class and accuracy each typically supports, what each phase delivers, the decisions at the gates between them, FEED and the scope freeze, the design reviews held along the way, and the maintainability review that decides decades of operating cost. With a drawing of estimate accuracy by phase.

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Line drawing of a four level HMI display hierarchy beside one value shown as a bare number and as an analogue indicator against its normal band and alarm limits
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 9 min read

High performance HMI: screens that show the operator what is abnormal, the display hierarchy, and the ISA-101 life cycle

What makes a control system screen show abnormal conditions early: grey backgrounds and colour saved for alarms, analogue indicators against the normal range, the four level display hierarchy, alarms on the screen, the HMI life cycle from philosophy and style guide to screens under ANSI/ISA-101.01 and IEC 63303, and how to move an existing system across. With a drawing of the hierarchy and an analogue indicator.

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Line drawing of three control architectures: a PLC on one machine, a DCS across one plant on a redundant network, and SCADA supervising remote sites over a wide area link
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 10 min read

PLC, DCS and SCADA compared: what each does, where control lives, and how to choose for a plant or a network of remote sites

The difference between PLC, DCS and SCADA systems in scope, control, database and communications, where each sits in the ISA-95 levels, the questions that point toward one, SCADA and remote sites over radio and cellular links, and what to plan for over the life of a control system, from obsolescence to backups and cyber security. With a drawing of the three architectures.

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Line drawing of five plant and business systems connected three ways: point to point with ten links, hub and spoke through an integration layer, and publish and subscribe through a broker
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 10 min read

System integration for plant systems: the interfaces between the plant and the business, the three patterns, and how an integration project is run

What system integration covers on an industrial site, the interfaces between control systems, historian, MES, CMMS and ERP, the three patterns from point to point to publish and subscribe, how integration crosses the boundary between the plant and the business, and how to run an integration project so the interfaces survive handover. With a drawing of the patterns.

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Line drawing of starting current against motor speed for direct on line, star delta, soft starter and variable speed drive starting
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Motor starters compared: direct on line, star delta, soft starters and variable speed drives, and the motor control centre they sit in

How each way of starting a three phase induction motor trades starting current against torque, from direct on line and star delta to soft starters and variable speed drives, the questions that point toward one, what a drive adds and costs, the motor control centre the starters sit in, and what fails in each. With a drawing of the starting current curves.

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Line drawing of the asset performance management loop: collect the asset's data, judge its health and risk, decide the response, act in the CMMS and measure the result
Asset management and dataNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Asset performance management: what APM covers, the data it runs on, how it differs from a CMMS, and how to tell whether it is working

What asset performance management covers, the loop from collecting an asset's data to measuring the result of the work it raised, the data underneath it and the usual gaps, what APM software does and what each capability needs, how it sits beside the CMMS, historian and condition monitoring, bought or built, the checks before starting, and how to tell it is working.

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Line drawing of the maintenance supervisor, superintendent and manager on one time scale from the shift to the life of the assets, with what each role owns
Planning and work managementNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Maintenance manager, superintendent and supervisor: what each role does, who decides what, and the rhythm each one runs on

The three maintenance leadership roles on one time scale: what the supervisor, the superintendent and the manager each own, who decides what, the rhythm of meetings each runs on, where each stops against the planner, scheduler, reliability engineer and operations, the competence and statutory layer, and how the roles break down.

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P&ID of a lube oil circuit: tank with level transmitter, duty and standby pumps with check valves, filter with differential pressure transmitter, cooler with a temperature loop, and a low flow trip
EngineeringNovember 2026 · 11 min read

P&ID symbols and how to read a P&ID: lines, valves, instrument bubbles, tags and loops

What a piping and instrumentation diagram shows and leaves out, the line types, valve and equipment symbols, the ISA-5.1 instrument bubbles and what each shape says about where the function lives, how to read an instrument tag, how to follow a P&ID from the source, how it differs from a PFD, and what keeps it true. With an example drawing.

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Fault tree for a crusher stopping on low lube oil flow, with OR and AND gates down to basic events and the list of minimal cut sets
Reliability and maintenanceNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Fault tree analysis: building the tree from the top event, gates and minimal cut sets, and where it sits beside FMECA and RCA

How fault tree analysis works: the symbols, defining a top event with a boundary, building the tree through OR and AND gates to basic events, reducing it to minimal cut sets and turning them into action, putting probabilities through it and the common cause trap, and how it differs from FMECA and root cause analysis. With a worked example.

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The stages of a permit to work from request to close, with who signs at each and isolate and prove marked
Planning and work managementNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Permit to work and isolation: the stages of a permit, isolating and proving dead, and the link to the work order

How permit to work systems are usually structured: the stages of a permit and who signs at each, the permit types a site holds, the steps of isolation and proving dead, how the permit and the work order fit together so the permit lead time is in the schedule, and handover, suspension and close. A description of common practice, not a substitute for a site procedure.

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Incremental replacement of a legacy system in three stages: a routing layer in front of it, functions moved one at a time, and the legacy system retired
Software and technologyNovember 2026 · 10 min read

Legacy system modernisation: finding out what you have, the options from retain to replace, and moving off it one function at a time

A method for modernising a legacy system: assessing what it really does and what is really wrong with it, the options from retain and rehost through refactor and rebuild to replace and retire, why incremental replacement beats a big bang and how the strangler fig pattern works, migrating the data, and the checks before the old system is switched off.

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Line drawing of the sequence from design review to commissioning, with the factory and site acceptance tests marked as the two points where the system is proved
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Factory and site acceptance testing: what each proves, and how to write a test that tests the design

Where the factory and site acceptance tests sit between design and start-up, what each can and cannot prove, how a test procedure is written so it tests the design rather than the code, the categories of test, how fails become punch items, and what has to leave each test for the next stage to start. With a free checklist template.

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Line drawing of the maintenance tree: preventive splitting into predetermined and condition based, corrective into deferred and immediate
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 10 min read

Types of maintenance compared: preventive, predictive, condition based, corrective and run to failure

The EN 13306 tree that sorts every kind of maintenance into preventive or corrective, each type against the others on what triggers it and where it fits, what separates predictive from condition based from condition monitoring, and how the type is chosen from what the failure looks like rather than from preference.

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Line drawing of the seven steps from a field mark-up to the as-built revision on the register, with issue marked as the step the plant starts to run on the new drawing
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 10 min read

As-built drawings and redlines: from the mark-up in the field to the drawing the plant runs on

What an as-built drawing is and what it is not, what a redline has to carry to be usable, the seven steps from a field mark-up to an issued revision with a check at each end, which documents go as-built and what changes on each, and why as-builts continue for the life of the plant rather than ending at handover.

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Line drawing of the control system design documents as a chain from the P&ID to the software as tested, with the narrative, the cause and effect matrix and the IO list marked
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Control system design documents: the chain from the P&ID to the code, and the two the tests run from

The chain of documents a control system is designed through, from the P&ID and the control philosophy to the functional design specification, the cause and effect matrix, the IO list, the loop diagrams, the HMI design and the software as tested, what each holds and who owns it, and why a change to one reissues everything after it. With a free IO list and cause and effect template.

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Line drawing of a CMMS implementation as seven phases from the case to stabilisation, each with the trap that sinks it, with the data build marked
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 11 min read

CMMS implementation and selection: seven phases, a scorecard, and the data build that decides the result

A CMMS implementation as seven phases with the trap in each, selecting against weighted criteria with scenarios run on the plant's own data, the design that comes before configuration, the data build and why it cannot be a copy, where configuration ends and customisation begins, and what go-live actually is. With a free selection scorecard and migration checklist.

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Single line diagram of a crusher branch: utility incomer, 11 kV switchboard, transformer to the 415 volt main switchboard, HV crusher motor, MCC with starters, distribution board and capacitor bank
EngineeringOctober 2026 · 10 min read

Single line diagrams explained: how to read one, what it has to carry, and the work that is done from it

What a single line diagram shows and leaves out, how to read one from the supply down, the elements on it and what each tells you, the levels of single line a site holds, the isolation planning, protection coordination, arc flash studies, maintenance and modifications done from it, and what keeps it true. With an example drawing.

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Line drawing of the operator round as a loop: route, check, compare, act and feed back, with compare marked
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Operator rounds and autonomous maintenance: the loop, the limits on the sheet, and the line between operators and maintenance

The loop an operator round runs from the route to the feedback, what makes a rounds sheet work and why the limit has to be on it, the seven steps to autonomous maintenance and why they are in order, where the line between operators and maintenance is drawn, and what happens to the readings. With a free rounds sheet template.

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Line drawing of a supplier's product life cycle from active to unsupported, with the plant's move at each stage and the last time buy marked
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Obsolescence management: the stages, the ways out, what sets the risk and the register that holds it

What obsolescence is and why it is certain for electronics and software, the supplier's life cycle stages and the plant's move at each, the seven ways out and what each costs, what actually sets the risk rather than age, the register that holds every item at risk with its years of cover, and designing it out. With a free register template.

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Line drawing of the states a controlled document passes through, from draft to as-built to superseded, with what each may be used for
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Document control for plant: drawings, as-builts and the register that keeps them findable

What document control is for, the documents a plant depends on and who owns each, the states a document passes through and what each may be used for, what a number has to carry, the register that indexes it all, tying documents to the asset, and why a modification ends with documents reissued. With a free register template.

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Line drawing of the six stages of decommissioning from the decision to the closed records, each ending at a gate, with make safe marked
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Decommissioning and asset disposal: six stages from the decision to the closed records

Decommissioning done deliberately: the decision and the function it settles, the plan, making safe with nothing on an assumption, removal, reinstatement, and closing every record that said the asset existed. The six questions a disposal answers before the asset leaves, how mothballing differs from abandonment, and where it goes wrong.

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Line drawing of the reliability engineer's role between what the plant records and who changes it: the inputs read, the decisions made and the outputs handed on
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 10 min read

What a reliability engineer does, and what the role is not

The role between what the plant records and who changes it: what a reliability engineer reads, what they decide, who gets each decision, where the role stops against the planner, scheduler and supervisor, the rhythm it runs on, the skills and certifications behind it, and the ways the role is lost.

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Line drawing of the alarm management lifecycle as ten stages, with rationalisation marked as the gate every alarm and every change passes
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 12 min read

Alarm management: the lifecycle, rationalisation and the measures, with a worksheet

What an alarm is for, the ten-stage lifecycle ISA-18.2 and IEC 62682 describe, what the philosophy settles once, the questions rationalisation asks of every alarm, the performance measures and their benchmarks, how the bad actors are found and fixed, and the systems around it. With a free rationalisation worksheet.

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Line drawing of the six failure patterns as small failure rate against age curves, with the share of items that followed each in the 1978 airline study
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 11 min read

The bathtub curve is one of six: failure patterns, Weibull and the reliability block diagram

The bathtub curve fits a few per cent of items. The six patterns the airline studies found, what each implies for the kind of task, how failure rate relates to MTBF, how the Weibull shape parameter reads the pattern from data, and how a reliability block diagram puts the parts together into a plant's availability.

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Line drawing of the power path through a plant from the supply to the motors, with the dominant failures and the preventive tasks under each class of equipment
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Electrical preventive maintenance: the program along the power path, from the supply to the motors

The electrical program as a path from the incoming supply to the motors, with the dominant failures and the tasks for each class, the four kinds of task that do most of the work, the hidden protection functions that need a test rather than an inspection, motors and drives where the volume is, and how the statutory floor relates to the program.

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Line drawing of how calendar time divides into scheduled and available time, unscheduled downtime and operating time, with the causes and losses at the leaves
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Downtime tracking: the time model, the codes and the log that make the hours add up

The time model that makes downtime add up, the three-level code hierarchy that makes it comparable, capturing events with times from the control system and the cause from the person who was there, what the log carries, how the hours feed OEE, the cost of downtime and the maintenance measures, and where tracking fails. With a free log template.

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Line drawing of three bands of a plant from field to enterprise, with the protocol that serves each: Modbus, OPC UA, and MQTT with Sparkplug B
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 12 min read

Plant protocols explained: Modbus, OPC UA, MQTT and Sparkplug B, and where each belongs

The four protocols that carry most plant data were built for different problems at different levels of the plant. What each was built for, how it works, what it carries, what security it has and what to watch for, set on a map of the plant with a rule for choosing by what the link has to do.

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Line drawing of a plant as zones from the business down to the process, with the industrial DMZ as the only crossing and the conduit rule beside each
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 12 min read

OT security for plant systems: zones, conduits and the controls that fit a plant

What makes OT different from IT, the zones and conduits every reference agrees on, the IEC 62443 security levels in plain words, the eight controls that fit a plant and how each differs from its office form, the Essential Eight applied with judgement, and how remote access and the supply chain are handled.

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Line drawing of five commissioning stages from construction complete to handover, each ending at a gate with the punch category that has to be closed
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 12 min read

Commissioning and the punch list: from mechanical completion to handover, with a template

The stages from mechanical completion through pre-commissioning and commissioning to the performance test and handover, the gate at the end of each, why commissioning runs by system and not by discipline, how the punch list is run and categorised, what the pre-startup safety review holds, and what handover has to include. With a free punch list template.

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Line drawing of the spares stocking decision as a grid: the consequence of waiting against the likelihood of needing the part inside its lead time
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Critical spares: deciding what to stock, and what to accept the risk on

The four classes of spare and why each is held, the questions that make up the stocking decision, the alternatives worth checking before a spare is bought, the register that ties every spare to the equipment and the failure it serves, what holding a spare properly involves, and how the holdings are reviewed. With a free register template.

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Line drawing of the preventive maintenance program as a loop: failure modes, tasks and intervals, the program, execute and record, review
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 12 min read

Preventive maintenance: building a program that earns its place, with a checklist template

What preventive maintenance is and is not, where tasks come from, the four kinds of task and how the kind is chosen, how intervals are set and corrected, what a checklist has to ask for, how the program is run and measured, and how it is reviewed so it gets smaller and better. With a free checklist template.

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Line drawing of one bearing failure worked through three levels of cause: physical, human and latent, with the fix at each level
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 12 min read

Root cause analysis for equipment failures: finding the cause you can actually fix

When a failure earns an investigation, the steps of one, how evidence is preserved, the methods and when each fits, the physical, human and latent levels of cause and why the level reached decides what the fix is worth, actions that are actually actions, and the defect elimination routine. With a free RCA template.

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Line drawing of the life of a work order: eight statuses from requested to closed, each entered through a gate
Planning and work managementOctober 2026 · 11 min read

What a work order is, and how work order management actually works

The work order is the record every maintenance function reads. What it is and is not, the types, the fields it carries and why each matters, the eight statuses and the gate into each, priority by rule, what closing one properly means, what the CMMS has to hold, and the measures that say whether the process is working.

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Line drawing of the five stages of an asset's life, what each decides, and the share of whole of life cost committed growing before the asset runs
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Asset lifecycle management: the stages, the decisions at each, and the cost that follows them

The five stages of an asset's life and what each decides, where the whole of life cost is committed against where it is spent, the information that has to pass between stages, how the lifecycle plan sits in an ISO 55001 system, and how a renew or dispose decision is made on condition, cost and risk rather than age.

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Line drawing of the maintenance process in five stages from identifying work to the outcome, with the measure that reads each stage
Planning and work managementOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Maintenance KPIs: fourteen measures, defined once and read together

A maintenance KPI is only useful if it is defined once, measured the same way every week and read beside the others. Fourteen measures defined the SMRP way, leading separated from lagging, with the formulas, what a bad number means, how targets get set without inviting editing, and how each one is gamed.

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Line drawing of plant data flowing from instruments and control systems through a collector to a historian replica in the DMZ and on to the systems that read it
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 11 min read

What a data historian is, how it differs from a database, and when you need one

A data historian stores a plant's time-stamped measurements at high rates for years and gives them back fast enough to trend. What makes it different from a database, why tag naming matters more than hardware, where it sits between the plant and the business, how to size one, the options from commercial historians to open source, and what makes one get used.

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Line drawing of a shutdown timeline from twelve months out to close-out, with a gate at the end of each phase and the scope freeze marked
Planning and work managementOctober 2026 · 14 min read

Shutdown planning: the checklist, the scope freeze and the schedule that holds

A shutdown is the most expensive week in a maintenance year, and its cost is decided months out. The timeline and its gates, where scope comes from and how it is challenged, what the scope freeze does, how jobs become a resourced schedule, readiness proven at gates, execution control and close-out, with a free checklist workbook.

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Line drawing of the weekly maintenance planning cycle: the week before, the execution week and the review after, with the schedule freeze marked
Planning and work managementOctober 2026 · 13 min read

Maintenance planning and scheduling: the weekly cycle that keeps a plant running

Planning decides how a job will be done, scheduling decides when and by whom, and the weekly cycle with a freeze in it is what makes either measurable. What the plan, program and schedule each are, what makes work ready, the cycle step by step, one path for break-in work, the five measures, and the CMMS setup that holds it, with a free weekly schedule template.

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Line drawing of the seven requirement clauses of ISO 55001 arranged as a cycle around the organisation's objectives
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 12 min read

ISO 55001 explained: what the asset management standard requires, and what changed in 2024

ISO 55001 is the requirements standard for an asset management system, and it is widely misread as a maintenance standard. What the ISO 55000 family covers, what each clause asks for, what the 2024 edition changed, when certification is worth it, and how to adopt the standard without the paperwork.

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Line drawing of design, technical and operating integrity as three supports under a pressure vessel, with the assurance loop beside them
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 12 min read

Asset integrity management: what it covers, the standards behind it, and how it fits with maintenance

Asset integrity management keeps the equipment that contains, controls or protects against a hazard fit for purpose across its life. The three legs it stands on, safety critical elements and performance standards, the assurance tools, how it fits with maintenance and the asset management system, and the Australian regulatory frame.

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Line drawing of a crushing, screening and milling train with the maintenance regime that suits each stage called out
Reliability and maintenanceOctober 2026 · 13 min read

Fixed plant maintenance on a mine site: strategies, shutdowns, systems and the work that keeps it running

Fixed plant runs continuously, wears by the tonne and can only be opened up when it stops, which makes its maintenance a different discipline from the mobile fleet. How to choose a regime for each kind of equipment, why the shutdown calendar is the real schedule, how wear parts and spares are managed, and the systems and measures the work depends on.

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Line drawing of a conveyor transfer with the five areas of a design brief called out: material, duty, geometry, environment and maintainability
EngineeringOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Bulk materials handling: specifying a conveyor or chute so the design holds up

Most bulk handling failures are decided before any steel is cut, in what the designer was and was not told. What a conveyor or chute design brief has to state about the material, the duty, the interfaces, the environment and maintainability, which standards to call up, and how to review a design against the brief.

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Line drawing of the automation pyramid beside the nine layers of an application, joined through an industrial DMZ
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 11 min read

Choosing a technology stack for industrial software

A stack should follow the shape of the problem, not a favourite tool. How to define an application's context, choose each of its nine layers, and connect it to plant systems from PLCs to ERP without opening the control network.

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Colour-coded source code on a monitor, seen at an angle
Software and technologyOctober 2026 · 7 min read

Taking a vibe-coded prototype to production

AI coding tools let anyone who knows a problem build a working app in days. What it takes to turn that prototype into software a team can rely on, area by area, and why the answer is rarely a rewrite.

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Spanners arranged by type and size on a workshop tool board
Asset management and dataOctober 2026 · 11 min read

CMMS or EAM: the difference, and how to choose

A CMMS manages maintenance work. An EAM system manages the asset across its whole life, including the money. Where the line really falls, how ERP and APM fit around them, and how to choose on capability rather than on the label.

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Aerial view of a process plant divided into areas, units and tank farms
Asset management and dataSeptember 2026 · 13 min read

ISO 14224, and building an asset hierarchy that holds up

ISO 14224 gives maintenance data a common structure: nine taxonomy levels, equipment classes with defined boundaries, and standard codes for failures and maintenance. What the standard covers, how to apply it in a CMMS, and what to do about the register you already have.

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Labelled bin locations on racking in a maintenance parts store
Planning and work managementSeptember 2026 · 13 min read

The maintenance job pack, and what has to be in it

A job pack is everything a crew needs to do a job once, without hunting for it. What goes in one, how a planner builds it, how job plans get reused and improved, and why the pack decides how much of the shift is spent on the tools.

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Aerial view of treatment basins, walkways and pipework at a water treatment plant
Asset management and dataSeptember 2026 · 14 min read

The asset management plan, and the strategic asset management plan it comes from

An asset management strategy, written down as the strategic asset management plan, turns business objectives into asset management objectives. The asset management plan beneath it says what will be done to which assets, when, at what cost and to what level of service. What each contains, what ISO 55001 asks for, and how to write them so they change decisions.

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Hydraulic hoses, fittings and cylinders on a drilling rig against a clear blue sky
Reliability and maintenanceSeptember 2026 · 17 min read

FMECA: how to run a failure modes, effects and criticality analysis

FMECA works through how equipment can fail, what each failure does and which failures matter most, so maintenance effort goes where the risk is. The method step by step, how to score criticality, where the risk priority number falls short, and a free worksheet template to start from.

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Worker in a hard hat walking an inspection route beside a conveyor at a bulk handling yard
Reliability and maintenanceSeptember 2026 · 13 min read

Condition monitoring: techniques, intervals and building a program that works

Condition monitoring finds failures while they are still developing, so the repair can be planned instead of rushed. The main techniques and what each one detects, how to choose between them, how often to check, and how to build a program that pays for itself.

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Process plant vessels and pipework lit up against a deep blue dusk sky
Planning and work managementAugust 2026 · 9 min read

Planner, scheduler, long term planner: three different jobs

The titles get used interchangeably and the roles are not the same. What a planner owns, what a scheduler owns, where the long term view sits, and how the job changes between a routine week and a shutdown.

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Aerial view of a crushing and screening plant with conveyors radiating across the pad
Software and technologyAugust 2026 · 6 min read

Digital transformation on a working mine site

The phrase means everything and nothing. What digital transformation looks like when the starting point is a working operation, why the technology is the easy half, and where the value genuinely accrues.

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Close detail of blue industrial plant machinery with a strainer and instrumentation
Asset management and dataAugust 2026 · 5 min read

Running an asset criticality assessment that holds up

Most registers carry a criticality column. Fewer can defend how it was set. How consequence and likelihood are actually scored, the workshop that sets them, and what each band should change.

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Process plant distillation columns and storage tanks beside a rail line
Asset management and dataAugust 2026 · 7 min read

Reliability centred maintenance, and when criticality-led beats it

Reliability centred maintenance is rigorous, defensible and expensive. What RCM analysis involves, how PMO actually compares, and when a criticality-led approach gets you most of the value for a fraction of the work.

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Stacker conveyor discharging onto a stockpile under a clear sky
EngineeringAugust 2026 · 6 min read

What DEM modelling actually tells you about transfer chute design

Discrete Element Method modelling gets talked about like magic. Here is what it genuinely shows you about flow, wear and blockages in a chute design, what it cannot tell you, and where it earns its keep.

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Processing plant conveyor and stockpiles at a mine site
Asset management and dataAugust 2026 · 21 min read

Operational readiness for new assets: the checklist, the methods, the standards and the CMMS build

Commissioning proves a new asset can run. Operational readiness proves you can keep running it. The checklist, methods, standards and CMMS build that get a plant, fleet or rail line ready to operate and maintain from handover, and what gets skipped when they are left late.

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Corridor of plant machinery, pumps and pipework inside an operating facility
Asset management and dataAugust 2026 · 4 min read

Master data is boring, until your schedule falls apart

Why messy asset data quietly wrecks planning and scheduling, the symptoms worth measuring, and what a proper clean-up actually involves.

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Engineer in high visibility gear inspecting a large machine rotor in a workshop
Planning and work managementAugust 2026 · 4 min read

Planning versus break-in: reading your schedule compliance

Schedule compliance and break-in say more about a maintenance organisation than most dashboards. How to read them together, and what the patterns actually mean.

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Pressure gauges mounted on plant pipework
Software and technologyAugust 2026 · 5 min read

Condition monitoring people actually act on

Plenty of operations collect condition data. Fewer act on it. What separates monitoring that changes decisions from monitoring that just fills a database.

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Server rack with structured network cabling in a data centre
Software and technologyAugust 2026 · 5 min read

Building software that runs a 24/7 operation

Notes on building applications that operations depend on around the clock, where the interesting design question is not uptime but what the system does when something upstream fails.

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